Introduction
Exploring the Genome
- Chromosomes and DNA (includes the mitochondrial genome)
- Noncoding RNAs
- Gene Structure
- Protein Composition and Structure
- Polymorphism
- Domain Structure of Proteins
- Gene Families
- Comparative Genomics
- Additional Reading
Metabolism
- Metabolism and Evolution
- Hexokinases and Initial Sugar Metabolism
- Glycolysis (includes gluconeogenesis)
- TCA Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation (includes the electron transport chain)
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Glycogen
- Galactose and Lactose
- N-Acetyl Sugars and Hyaluronan
- Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Arachidonate, Prostaglandins, and Leukotrienes
- Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies
- Lipid Metabolism
- Sphingomyelin, Ceramides, and Glycolipids
- Cholesterol Biosynthesis
- Steroid Hormones
- Bile Acids and Other Cholesterol Derivatives
- Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Selected Derivatives
- Amino Acid Catabolism
- Urea Cycle, Nitric Oxide, and Polyamines
- Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism (includes salvage pathways)
- Purine Biosynthesis and Catabolism (includes salvage pathways)
- Nucleotide Pathways
- Pteridines and Molybdopterin
- Heme
- Vitamin Pathways, Coenzymes, and 1-Carbon Metabolism
- Cytochrome P450 Enzymes (includes diflavin oxidoreductases)
- Phosphatases and Sulfatases
- Glutathione Pathways (includes related redox reactions)
- Xenobiotic Pathways
- Additional Enzymes and Related Sequences (includes cytochrome b5 and the α / β hydrolase fold family)
- Additional Reading
DNA Replication, Recombination, Repair, and Chromatin
- DNA Replication Systems
- DNA Polymerases
- Replication Proteins
- Telomere Functions
- DNA Methylation
- DNases, Recombination, and DNA Repair
- DNA Transposon and Retrovirus-related Sequences (includes LINE and SINE elements)
- Histones, Related Proteins, and Modifying Enzymes
- Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins (includes protamines, transition proteins, HMG proteins, chromodomain family)
- Centromere Proteins
- Additional Reading
Transcription and RNA Processing
Translation and Protein Modification
- Translation and Modification Systems
- Codon Usage
- tRNAs
- tRNA Enzymes
- Ribosomes
- Translation Factors
- Selenium Proteins
- Protein Glycosylation (includes transferases involved in synthesis of glycolipids)
- GPI Anchoring
- Prenylation and Related Modifications
- Transglutaminases
- Peptidylprolyl Isomerases
- polyADP-Ribose Polymerase Family
- Additional Protein Modifications (includes repair reactions)
- Additional Reading
Proteases
Structural Proteins
Protein Interaction Domain Families
- Domains, Motifs, and Composition
- LIM Domain Proteins
- PDZ Domain
- WD Repeat Proteins
- Ring Finger Proteins
- Tripartite Motif Family
- Zinc Finger Proteins
- Bromodomain Family
- Leucine-rich Repeat Family
- Coiled-Coil Proteins
- Tetratricopeptide Domains
- WW Domain
- Additional Interaction Domain Families (includes IQ, sterile α, COMM, DEP, Tudor, BTB, EH, sushi, DENN, RUN, LEM)
- Additional Reading
Stress Response and Homeostasis
Signals
Cell Structure and Organelles
- Partitioning and Organelles
- Cytoskeleton
- Nucleus and Nucleolus
- Centrosome
- ER, Golgi, and the Secretory Pathway (includes endosome traffic)
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes and Related Organelles
- Gap Junctions and Tight Junctions
- Additional Membrane Functions (includes autophagy, lipid transfer, dynamin family, scavenger receptors, lipid rafts, endocytosis)
- Additional Reading
Cell Cycle
- Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Control
- Cyclins and Related Functions
- Myc and Related Functions
- p53 Pathway
- RB1 and Related Functions
- E2F Pathways
- Anaphase-promoting Complex
- Spindle, M phase, and Meiosis
- Additional Cell Cycle Functions (includes other CDC genes, growth arrest genes)
- Additional Reading
Development
- Gene Families and Development
- Stem Cells and Early Development
- Left–Right Axis
- Hedgehog and Related Pathways
- Notch Pathway
- Wnt Signals
- Planar Cell Polarity (includes Bardet–Biedl syndrome loci and cilia formation)
- Homeobox and Related Proteins
- HOX Genes
- FOX Family
- SOX Family
- POU Domain
- T Box Family
- PHD Finger Proteins
- Krüppel-related Zinc Finger Proteins
- Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Ephrins and Ephrin Receptors
- Epidermal Growth Factor
- Fibroblast Growth Factors
- TGF-β Family
- Growth Hormone and Related Hormones
- Cadherins and Related Proteins
- Melanoma Antigen Family
- Hematopoiesis and Erythrocytes
- Ets Family
- Additional Genes in Development (includes MAF family, doublesex-related proteins, AP-2 transcription factors, MEF family, tubby family, Sprouty family, carcinoembryonic antigen family, thrombospondin repeat family, MAM domain, chordin family, EYA family, retinoic acid, LY6 family, immunoglobulin-related proteins)
- Noncoding RNAs and Development
- MicroRNAs
- Additional Reading
Organs and Tissues
- Organs and Hormones
- Extracellular Matrix
- Bone and Related Tissues (includes parathyroid functions)
- Skin and Related Tissues
- Pituitary
- Adrenals
- Thyroid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor
- Adipose Tissue
- Cardiovascular System
- Lung
- Lacrimal and Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Pancreas and Insulin (includes insulin receptor)
- Stomach, Small Intestine, and Colon
- Kidney (includes bladder)
- Prostate
- Testes and Sperm
- Mammary Tissues
- Ovary, Uterus, and Placenta
- Additional Reading
Nervous System
- Gene Families and the Nervous System
- Sodium Channels (includes voltage-gated proton channel)
- Potassium Channels
- Calcium and TRP Cation Channels
- Chloride Channels
- Acetylcholine
- GABA and Glycine
- Glutamate
- Catecholamines
- Serotonin (includes melatonin)
- Histamine
- Synapses
- Olfactory Receptors
- Taste Receptors
- Auditory and Vestibular Functions
- Photoreceptors and Related Functions
- Crystallins and Other Eye Proteins
- Neurons
- Oligodendrocytes and Myelin
- Cerebellum
- Hypothalamus
- Circadian Rhythms
- Additional Brain Proteins (includes β amyloid, Huntington's disease, prion protein, fragile X)
- Muscle
- Additional Reading
Host Defense
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Mucins
- Lectin Families
- Toll-like Receptors
- Pyrin and Associated Functions
- Complement
- Fc Receptors
- MS4 Family
- Superoxide Pathway
- HLA and Related Proteins
- Additional Immunoglobulin-related Receptors (includes NK cell receptors)
- Butyrophilin Family
- Interleukins and Their Receptors
- Interferon
- Chemokines and Their Receptors
- Macrophages and Monocytes
- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils (includes mast cells)
- T cells (includes thymus)
- B cells
- Coagulation
- Platelets and Megakaryocytes (includes PDGF receptor)
- Additional Host Defense Functions (includes cytosine deaminase-related enzymes, selectin family, C-reactive protein family, secretoglobins, defensins, peptidoglycan recognition family)
- Additional Reading

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